what kind of vitamin need our body ?

 ESSENTIAL VITAMINS FOR OUR BODY

                  Vitamins are organic dietary essentials. They have diverse actions and are considered as vitamins on the basis of being required in small amounts. The term “vitamin” originated with Casmir Funk in 1912 while he was working with thiamine (vitamin B1), which is described as a “vital amine”. Subsequently, the term has been shortened and it is known that not all vitamins contain amine groups.
 The principle goal of vitamin prophylaxis and therapy is to provide a sufficient quantity of these metabolic essentials so that normal body functions can proceed. Plants and microbes normally synthesize vitamins or precursors. Subsequent utilization of the plant or microbe by domestic animals provides the vitamin to the host.

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
              Historically, a discussion of vitamins, whether it is nutritional, Pharmacologic or biochemical, is based on separating these micronutrients on the basis of their solubility characteristics. Such a format will be followed here. Vitamin D is increasingly considered a hormone because of it synthesize, storage, release, and activation as needed; nevertheless, it will be discussed in this chapter. The four fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.

VITAMIN A
 Source and occurrence
              Vitamin A is a generic term for compounds possessing the biologic activity of retinol. Retinol is a term used to designate natural forms of vitamin A and synesthetic analogs. Vitamin A (retinol0 is an organic alcohol formed in animal tissue from various plant carotenoids, a number of which have provitamin A activity. Vitamin A₂ (dehydroretincl) is found in fish. The carotenoids vary in effectiveness as precursors of vitamin A. It is not possible to absolutely equate plant provitamin A activity with subsequent availability to the animal (Ullrey 1972).
            In addition to differences in effectiveness of carotenoid transformation to active vitamin, various species have a considerable range of ability to use the provitamins that are present. All green parts of plants have provitamin A activity; leaves have a higher concentration than stems. Legume Hay is a richer source than grass hay. Considerable provitamin activity is lost during harvesting, curing, and storage. Provitamin A activity is close to zero within 6 months after harvest. Dehydrated alfalfa remains one of the better natural sources, yellow corn is the only concentrate containing significant amounts and cereal grains contain negligible quantities. Animal fat products, particularly fish oils and liver, contain large amounts of vitamin A. Polar bear livers contain such high quantities that they are toxic if ingested by humans. Pure vitamin A is synthesized commercially for supplementation and therapeutic use in medical practice.
          The rate of observation of all fat soluble vitamins is dependent on other lipid constituents in the diet and on biliary and pancreatic secretions in the small intestine. Many carotenoids are believed to be destroyed in the rumen. 

Vitamin D
Source and occurence
     vitamin D is the generic term for closely related steroids that have antirachitic activity. They are  formed as provitamins both plants and animals and undergo initial conversion by ultraviolet light. Plant provitamin is ergocalciferol (vitamin D₂). Green, growing plants contain only minute amounts. Most of  the vitamin is formed in grass and hay from ergosterol during the curing process. It is in higher concentration in leaves than in stems. Ergocalciferol has little biologic activity in avian species but it is effective in mammals. This is apparently because of the more rapid excretion of vitamin D₂,so that its biologic effect is minimized. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) is formed in animal tissue by action of ultravoilet ray on 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is produced from cholesterol. The efficiency of conversion is dependent in several factors. Fair skin, light hair covering, nearness to the equator, and lack of cloud cover all promot conversion.The converse is also true in that animals with thick hair coats in northen latitude do not obtain sufficient vitamin D from their own bodies. If they are inside or there is heavy cloud cover, thus the deficiency intensified.
    At one time, artificial irradiation of the plants and animals sterols provided vitamin D activity. Today synthetic cholecalciferol is used to supply additional vitamin D, a process that provides more accurate fortification.

Vitamin E
Source and occurence
     Vitamin E is the name given to a group of biologically active tocopherols. The principal naturally occuring active compound is d-∞-tocopherol. Vitamin E is a widely distributed in plant products. It is abundant in whole cerael grains and young, green leafy plants. Alfalfa, including cured hay is a good source.
           Animals product are generally poor sources of vitamin E. Plants oil have the highest content of natural products. Synthetic sources are available. Certain legumes contain substances that decrease vitamin E absorption.

VITAMIN K
Source and occurence
     Vitamin K, a quinone, is a synthesized and absorbed in sufficient amounts in the digestive tract of all species but poultry. It is subsequently absorbed in the small intestine of ruminants and may be acquired by coprophagy or absorption from the lower intestinal tract in other mammals. Green leafy plants and cured roughage are excellent sources of vitamin K. Fish meal and liver contain significant amounts.

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN
The water soluble vitamins (B complex,vitamin C) are a functionally diverse group of micronutrients required by all animals.

Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine)
      Thiamine is the first of vitamin B complex to be isolated and purified. It is metabollic necessity for plants and animals. Thiamine is synthesized by plants and bacteria and has a ubiquitous distribution.

 Niacin

 Niacin, USP, or its active form, nicotinamide, is a metabolic essential for all animals but ia s dietary essential only under species conditons. In spite of this, niacin deficiency was a serious health problem for humans in the early part of this century. Dogs may experience niacin deficiency if fed improperly.

Biotin
    A deficiency of biotin, INN, has been considered a curiosity, since animals most receive an antivitamin avidin, to develop a deficiency. Avidin is an albumin produced by the mucosa of the oviduct. It can bind biotin and render it unavailable, Biotin deficiency has been linked with the condition known as fatty liver and kidney syndrome, which has been recognized in broiler chickens fed wheat has a major dietary ingredient.

Choline
    Choline is available aas coline bitaratrite, NF, coline dihydrogen citrate, NF and coline cholride, INN.Choline is in some ways anaglous to niacin. It can be formed and essential although often limiting amino acid precursor, methionine. Simple stomachede on animals on high grains rations may develop deficiencies.

Ribiflavin (B2)

pentethenic acid (B5)

pyrodoxin (B6)

folic acid (B9)

cynocobalamin (B12)

vitamin c 

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